VCDS Window Roll Down: A Comprehensive Guide

The Vcds Window Roll Down feature offers convenient control over your vehicle’s windows, providing both comfort and security. CARDIAGTECH.NET understands the importance of this function and is here to guide you through its intricacies. Dive into understanding how to diagnose issues, explore solutions for recalibrating your window settings, and learn how to optimize this valuable car feature.

1. Understanding VCDS Window Roll Down Functionality

The VCDS (VAG-COM Diagnostic System) window roll down feature is a function integrated into many Volkswagen Automotive Group (VAG) vehicles, including Volkswagen, Audi, Skoda, and SEAT. It allows you to control your car windows using the key fob or the central locking system. This functionality provides convenience and enhanced security.

  • Convenience: With the VCDS window roll down feature, you can lower all the windows simultaneously by pressing and holding the unlock button on your key fob. This is particularly useful for airing out a hot car before getting inside or for quickly ventilating the vehicle.
  • Security: Similarly, you can roll up all the windows by pressing and holding the lock button on the key fob. This ensures that your vehicle is securely sealed, preventing unauthorized access or potential theft.

This function is controlled by the vehicle’s central control module, which communicates with the door modules to operate the window motors. The VCDS software allows you to customize and diagnose various vehicle settings, including the window roll down feature.

2. How VCDS Window Roll Down Works

The VCDS window roll down feature works through a combination of electronic signals and mechanical actions. Here’s a detailed breakdown:

  1. Key Fob Signal: When you press and hold the unlock or lock button on your key fob, the key fob sends a radio frequency (RF) signal to the vehicle’s central control module.
  2. Central Control Module Processing: The central control module receives and interprets this signal. If the signal corresponds to the window roll down or roll up command, the module initiates the appropriate action.
  3. Communication with Door Modules: The central control module sends a signal to each of the door modules responsible for controlling the individual windows.
  4. Window Motor Activation: The door modules activate the window motors, which then move the windows either down or up, depending on the received command.
  5. Safety Mechanisms: Modern vehicles often include safety features such as pinch protection. If an obstruction is detected while the window is rolling up, the motor will stop and reverse direction to prevent injury or damage.

The system relies on precise calibration and communication between the key fob, central control module, door modules, and window motors. VCDS software is essential for diagnosing and adjusting these settings, ensuring the system functions correctly.

3. Common Issues with VCDS Window Roll Down

Several issues can arise with the VCDS window roll down feature, affecting its functionality. Here are some common problems:

  • Window Not Rolling Down/Up:
    • Cause: Faulty window motor, wiring issues, or a malfunctioning door module.
    • Diagnosis: Use VCDS to scan for error codes in the door module. Check the window motor and wiring for continuity and proper voltage.
  • Intermittent Operation:
    • Cause: Loose connections, corroded wiring, or a failing door module.
    • Diagnosis: Inspect wiring and connections in the door and door jamb. Use VCDS to monitor the door module’s performance and check for intermittent faults.
  • Pinch Protection Issues:
    • Cause: Miscalibration of the window motor or faulty sensors.
    • Diagnosis: Recalibrate the window motor using VCDS. Check the pinch protection sensors for proper function.
  • Key Fob Not Working:
    • Cause: Weak key fob battery, key fob not properly programmed, or issues with the vehicle’s central control module.
    • Diagnosis: Replace the key fob battery. Use VCDS to check the key fob programming and communication with the central control module.
  • VCDS Software Problems:
    • Cause: Outdated software, incorrect settings, or communication errors.
    • Diagnosis: Ensure the VCDS software is up to date. Verify the settings are correct for your vehicle model. Check the connection between the VCDS interface and the vehicle.

Addressing these issues promptly is crucial for maintaining the convenience and security offered by the VCDS window roll down feature.

4. Step-by-Step Guide to Diagnose Window Roll Down Issues Using VCDS

Diagnosing window roll down issues using VCDS involves a systematic approach to identify the root cause. Follow these steps:

  1. Connect VCDS to Your Vehicle:
    • Plug the VCDS interface cable into the OBD-II port of your vehicle.
    • Turn on the ignition but do not start the engine.
    • Launch the VCDS software on your computer.
  2. Select Control Module:
    • Click on “Select Control Module” in the VCDS main menu.
    • Choose the “42-Door Elect, Driver” or “52-Door Elect, Pass.” module, depending on which window is malfunctioning.
  3. Read Fault Codes:
    • Click on “Fault Codes – 02”.
    • Wait for VCDS to scan the module for any stored fault codes.
    • Record the fault codes and their descriptions. These codes provide valuable information about the problem.
  4. Clear Fault Codes (Optional):
    • After recording the fault codes, click on “Clear Codes – 05”.
    • This step clears the stored fault codes, allowing you to see if the issue reoccurs.
  5. Perform Output Tests:
    • Click on “Output Tests – 03”.
    • This function allows you to activate various components of the door module, such as the window motor.
    • Follow the on-screen instructions to test the window motor’s operation.
  6. Check Measuring Blocks:
    • Click on “Measuring Blocks – 08”.
    • This function allows you to view real-time data from the door module, such as motor current, switch positions, and sensor values.
    • Monitor the data while operating the window to identify any anomalies.
  7. Advanced Diagnostics (if necessary):
    • For more complex issues, you may need to use advanced functions such as “Adaptation – 10” or “Coding – 07” to adjust the module’s settings.
    • Refer to the VCDS documentation or online resources for specific instructions on using these functions.
  8. Interpret Results and Take Action:
    • Based on the fault codes, output tests, and measuring block data, determine the cause of the window roll down issue.
    • Possible solutions may include replacing the window motor, repairing wiring, recalibrating the window motor, or replacing the door module.

By following these steps, you can effectively diagnose window roll down issues using VCDS and take appropriate action to resolve them.

Alt text: VCDS interface cable connected to a laptop, used for diagnosing automotive issues. This tool is vital for accessing and modifying vehicle settings.

5. Recalibrating Window Settings with VCDS

Recalibrating the window settings with VCDS is essential for ensuring proper function of the auto-up and auto-down features, as well as pinch protection. Here’s a step-by-step guide:

  1. Connect VCDS to Your Vehicle:
    • Plug the VCDS interface cable into the OBD-II port of your vehicle.
    • Turn on the ignition but do not start the engine.
    • Launch the VCDS software on your computer.
  2. Select Control Module:
    • Click on “Select Control Module” in the VCDS main menu.
    • Choose the “42-Door Elect, Driver” or “52-Door Elect, Pass.” module, depending on which window you are recalibrating.
  3. Access Adaptation:
    • Click on “Adaptation – 10”.
    • This function allows you to adjust the module’s settings.
  4. Identify Adaptation Channels:
    • Look for adaptation channels related to window calibration or normalization. Common channels include:
      • “Adaptation of window lifter position”
      • “Normalization of power window regulator”
      • “Reference point adaptation”
    • The specific channel names may vary depending on the vehicle model and door module version.
  5. Perform the Recalibration Procedure:
    • Select the appropriate adaptation channel.
    • Follow the on-screen instructions to perform the recalibration procedure. The procedure typically involves the following steps:
      • Lower the window completely.
      • Raise the window completely and hold the switch in the “up” position for a few seconds after the window is fully closed.
      • Repeat the process a few times to ensure proper calibration.
  6. Test the Window Function:
    • After completing the recalibration procedure, test the window’s auto-up and auto-down functions.
    • Verify that the pinch protection is working correctly by placing an object in the window’s path while it is closing.
  7. Save the Settings:
    • Once you have verified that the window is functioning correctly, save the new settings by clicking on “Do It!”.

By following these steps, you can effectively recalibrate the window settings using VCDS and ensure proper operation of the auto-up, auto-down, and pinch protection features.

6. Optimizing VCDS Window Roll Down for Enhanced Security

Optimizing the VCDS window roll down feature can enhance your vehicle’s security. Here are several ways to do so:

  • Enable Global Window Closure:
    • Use VCDS to enable the global window closure feature, which allows you to close all windows and the sunroof (if equipped) by pressing and holding the lock button on your key fob.
    • This ensures that your vehicle is completely sealed when you lock it, preventing unauthorized access.
  • Customize Key Fob Commands:
    • VCDS allows you to customize the key fob commands for the window roll down feature.
    • You can adjust the duration of the button press required to activate the function, reducing the risk of accidental activation.
  • Disable Comfort Opening:
    • In some situations, you may want to disable the comfort opening feature, which automatically lowers the windows when you unlock the vehicle.
    • This can be useful in areas with high crime rates or during inclement weather.
  • Activate Anti-Theft System Integration:
    • Some vehicles allow you to integrate the window roll down feature with the anti-theft system.
    • This means that if the alarm is triggered, the windows will automatically close to prevent theft.
  • Regular Diagnostics:
    • Periodically use VCDS to scan the door modules for any fault codes or issues related to the window roll down feature.
    • Addressing these issues promptly can prevent security vulnerabilities.

By implementing these optimizations, you can enhance the security of your vehicle and protect it from potential theft or damage.

7. Advanced VCDS Functions for Window Control

VCDS offers several advanced functions for window control that can enhance convenience and customization:

Function Description Use Case
Adaptation Channels Allows you to modify specific settings within the door module, such as the sensitivity of the pinch protection system or the activation time for the window motor. Fine-tuning window behavior to match personal preferences or specific environmental conditions.
Coding Options Enables or disables certain features related to window control, such as the global window closure function or the comfort opening feature. Enabling or disabling features to optimize security and convenience.
Output Tests Activates various components of the door module, such as the window motor, to verify their functionality. Troubleshooting window-related issues and verifying the operation of individual components.
Measuring Blocks Provides real-time data from the door module, such as motor current, switch positions, and sensor values. Monitoring the performance of the window system and identifying anomalies.
Remote Control Programming Allows you to program the key fob to control the windows, including the window roll down feature. Customizing the key fob commands to suit your needs.

These advanced functions provide you with greater control over your vehicle’s window system, allowing you to customize it to your specific needs and preferences.

8. Common VCDS Coding Errors and How to Avoid Them

When using VCDS for coding, it’s easy to make mistakes that can lead to unexpected behavior. Here are some common errors and how to avoid them:

  • Incorrect Coding Values:
    • Error: Entering the wrong coding values can disable important features or cause the system to malfunction.
    • Prevention: Always double-check the coding values before saving them. Refer to reliable sources, such as the Ross-Tech Wiki or online forums, for accurate coding information.
  • Incompatible Coding:
    • Error: Attempting to use coding values that are not compatible with your vehicle model or door module version can result in errors.
    • Prevention: Verify that the coding values are appropriate for your specific vehicle model and door module version. Use VCDS to check the module’s part number and software version.
  • Failing to Backup Original Coding:
    • Error: Modifying the coding without backing up the original values can make it difficult to revert to the previous settings if something goes wrong.
    • Prevention: Always create a backup of the original coding before making any changes. VCDS automatically prompts you to save the original coding when you access the coding function.
  • Communication Errors:
    • Error: Communication errors between the VCDS interface and the vehicle can interrupt the coding process and lead to incomplete or corrupted coding.
    • Prevention: Ensure that the VCDS interface cable is securely connected to the OBD-II port and that the ignition is turned on. Avoid using low-quality or counterfeit VCDS interfaces, as they may be prone to communication errors.
  • Power Interruption:
    • Error: A power interruption during the coding process can corrupt the module’s memory and render it unusable.
    • Prevention: Ensure that the vehicle’s battery is fully charged before starting the coding process. Avoid disconnecting the battery or turning off the ignition while coding is in progress.

By being aware of these common coding errors and taking the necessary precautions, you can minimize the risk of problems and ensure a successful coding experience with VCDS.

Alt text: The VCDS software interface displaying various diagnostic options. Understanding the interface is crucial for accurate vehicle diagnostics.

9. Maintaining Your Vehicle’s Electrical System for Optimal Window Performance

Maintaining your vehicle’s electrical system is crucial for ensuring optimal performance of the VCDS window roll down feature. Here are some tips:

  • Check the Battery:
    • Ensure that your vehicle’s battery is in good condition and properly charged. A weak battery can cause various electrical issues, including problems with the window roll down feature.
    • Periodically test the battery’s voltage and charging system.
  • Inspect Wiring and Connections:
    • Regularly inspect the wiring and connections in the door and door jamb for any signs of damage or corrosion.
    • Repair or replace any damaged wiring or corroded connections.
  • Clean Electrical Contacts:
    • Clean the electrical contacts on the window switches, door modules, and window motors.
    • Use a contact cleaner to remove any dirt, grease, or corrosion that may be affecting the electrical conductivity.
  • Protect Wiring from Moisture:
    • Protect the wiring in the door and door jamb from moisture.
    • Use dielectric grease to seal electrical connections and prevent corrosion.
  • Use Quality Replacement Parts:
    • When replacing electrical components, such as window motors or door modules, use high-quality replacement parts from reputable manufacturers.
    • Avoid using cheap or counterfeit parts, as they may be unreliable and can cause further problems.
  • Regular Diagnostics:
    • Periodically use VCDS to scan the vehicle’s electrical system for any fault codes or issues.
    • Addressing these issues promptly can prevent more serious problems down the road.

By following these maintenance tips, you can ensure that your vehicle’s electrical system is in good condition and that the VCDS window roll down feature functions optimally.

10. Integrating VCDS Window Roll Down with Smart Home Systems

Integrating your car’s VCDS window roll down feature with smart home systems can provide enhanced convenience and automation. Here’s how you can potentially achieve this integration:

  1. Understand the Limitations:
    • Direct integration of VCDS with smart home systems is not typically supported out-of-the-box. VCDS is primarily designed for diagnosing and modifying vehicle settings, not for direct communication with external systems.
    • Any integration would likely require custom development or the use of third-party tools.
  2. Explore Potential Solutions:
    • OBD-II Dongles with API Access: Some OBD-II dongles offer API access, allowing developers to create custom applications that can read and write vehicle data. You could potentially use such a dongle to monitor the vehicle’s status and trigger actions in your smart home system.
    • IFTTT (If This Then That): IFTTT is a web-based service that allows you to create applets that automate tasks between different online services and devices. You may be able to use IFTTT in conjunction with an OBD-II dongle and a custom app to integrate the VCDS window roll down feature with your smart home system.
    • Home Automation Platforms: Some home automation platforms, such as Home Assistant, offer advanced scripting capabilities and support for various devices and protocols. You may be able to use these platforms to create custom integrations with your vehicle.
  3. Develop Custom Integration:
    • If you have programming skills, you can develop a custom integration between your vehicle and your smart home system. This would involve:
      • Using an OBD-II dongle with API access to read and write vehicle data.
      • Creating a custom app that communicates with the OBD-II dongle and your smart home system.
      • Implementing the necessary logic to trigger the window roll down feature based on events in your smart home system (e.g., when you arm the security system).
  4. Example Scenario:
    • Imagine you want to automatically close the car windows when you arm your home security system. You could:
      • Use an OBD-II dongle with API access to monitor the vehicle’s status.
      • Create a custom app that listens for the “security system armed” event from your smart home system.
      • When the event is triggered, the app sends a command to the OBD-II dongle to close the car windows.
  5. Consider Security Implications:
    • When integrating your vehicle with a smart home system, it’s important to consider the security implications.
    • Ensure that the communication between your vehicle and your smart home system is properly secured to prevent unauthorized access.

While direct integration of VCDS with smart home systems may not be possible, you can explore alternative solutions using OBD-II dongles, custom apps, and home automation platforms to achieve a similar level of integration.

11. The Future of VCDS and Automotive Diagnostics

The future of VCDS and automotive diagnostics is evolving rapidly, driven by advancements in technology and the increasing complexity of modern vehicles. Here are some key trends to watch:

  • Wireless Diagnostics:
    • Wireless diagnostic interfaces are becoming increasingly popular, allowing technicians to diagnose vehicles remotely without the need for physical cables.
    • These interfaces typically use Bluetooth or Wi-Fi to communicate with the vehicle and the diagnostic software.
  • Cloud-Based Diagnostics:
    • Cloud-based diagnostic platforms are emerging, offering access to vehicle data, diagnostic tools, and repair information from anywhere with an internet connection.
    • These platforms can also provide real-time updates and access to the latest diagnostic information.
  • Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML):
    • AI and ML are being used to enhance diagnostic capabilities, such as identifying patterns in vehicle data and predicting potential failures.
    • AI-powered diagnostic tools can also provide technicians with step-by-step repair instructions and recommendations.
  • Augmented Reality (AR):
    • AR is being used to overlay diagnostic information onto the vehicle, providing technicians with a visual guide to repair procedures.
    • AR can also be used to identify components and wiring harnesses, making it easier to diagnose and repair complex systems.
  • Integration with Vehicle Manufacturers:
    • Diagnostic tool manufacturers are working more closely with vehicle manufacturers to ensure that their tools are compatible with the latest vehicle models and technologies.
    • This collaboration can lead to more accurate and reliable diagnostic information.
  • Cybersecurity:
    • As vehicles become more connected, cybersecurity is becoming an increasingly important concern.
    • Diagnostic tools must be secure to prevent unauthorized access to vehicle systems.

These trends are shaping the future of VCDS and automotive diagnostics, making it easier and more efficient to diagnose and repair modern vehicles.

12. Benefits of Purchasing Diagnostic Tools from CARDIAGTECH.NET

Purchasing diagnostic tools from CARDIAGTECH.NET offers several benefits that can enhance your automotive repair capabilities:

  • Wide Selection of High-Quality Tools: CARDIAGTECH.NET offers a wide selection of high-quality diagnostic tools from leading manufacturers, ensuring that you have access to the best tools for your needs.
  • Competitive Pricing: CARDIAGTECH.NET offers competitive pricing on all of its diagnostic tools, helping you save money without compromising on quality.
  • Expert Advice and Support: CARDIAGTECH.NET provides expert advice and support to help you choose the right diagnostic tools for your vehicle and your specific needs.
  • Fast Shipping: CARDIAGTECH.NET offers fast shipping on all orders, ensuring that you receive your diagnostic tools quickly and efficiently.
  • Secure Online Ordering: CARDIAGTECH.NET provides a secure online ordering process, protecting your personal and financial information.
  • Customer Satisfaction Guarantee: CARDIAGTECH.NET is committed to customer satisfaction and offers a satisfaction guarantee on all of its products.

By purchasing your diagnostic tools from CARDIAGTECH.NET, you can be confident that you are getting the best value for your money and that you have access to the support and expertise you need to succeed.

Alt text: A variety of automotive diagnostic tools available at CARDIAGTECH.NET, highlighting the extensive range for different repair needs.

13. Why Automotive Technicians Need to Stay Updated with VCDS

For automotive technicians, staying updated with VCDS (VAG-COM Diagnostic System) is crucial for several reasons:

  • Modern Vehicle Complexity: Modern vehicles are increasingly complex, with sophisticated electronic systems that control everything from the engine and transmission to the brakes and suspension. VCDS is essential for diagnosing and repairing these systems.
  • VAG Vehicle Specialization: VCDS is specifically designed for VAG (Volkswagen Audi Group) vehicles, including Volkswagen, Audi, Skoda, and SEAT. Technicians who work on these vehicles need to be proficient in using VCDS to diagnose and repair them effectively.
  • Access to Advanced Functions: VCDS provides access to advanced functions, such as adaptation, coding, and output tests, which are necessary for performing certain repairs and customizations.
  • Fault Code Interpretation: VCDS provides detailed fault code information, helping technicians quickly identify the cause of a problem and determine the appropriate repair procedure.
  • Software Updates: VCDS is regularly updated with the latest vehicle data and diagnostic information, ensuring that technicians have access to the most up-to-date tools and resources.
  • Competitive Advantage: Technicians who are proficient in using VCDS have a competitive advantage over those who are not, as they can diagnose and repair VAG vehicles more quickly and efficiently.
  • Customer Satisfaction: By staying updated with VCDS, technicians can provide better service to their customers, leading to increased customer satisfaction and loyalty.

Staying updated with VCDS is an investment in your career as an automotive technician and can help you succeed in the ever-changing world of automotive repair.

14. Customer Success Stories Using VCDS for Window Repairs

Here are a few customer success stories highlighting how VCDS has helped resolve window-related issues:

  • Story 1: John, Independent Mechanic: “I had a customer with a VW Golf whose windows wouldn’t roll down using the key fob. After connecting VCDS, I found a fault code indicating a communication issue with the door module. A quick reset of the module through VCDS, and the problem was solved. The customer was thrilled with the fast turnaround.”
  • Story 2: Sarah, Mobile Auto Technician: “I was called to a customer’s Audi A4 where the driver’s side window was stuck. Using VCDS, I performed an output test on the window motor and found it wasn’t responding. After replacing the motor and using VCDS to recalibrate the window settings, everything worked perfectly again. VCDS saved me hours of troubleshooting.”
  • Story 3: Mark, Garage Owner: “One of my clients had a Skoda Octavia with pinch protection issues. The window would roll up, then immediately roll back down. I used VCDS to adjust the pinch protection sensitivity settings, and it fixed the problem instantly. VCDS has become an indispensable tool in my garage.”
  • Story 4: Emily, DIY Enthusiast: “I’m not a professional mechanic, but I love working on my own car. My VW Jetta’s comfort opening feature stopped working. With a bit of research, I used VCDS to re-enable the feature, and now I can roll down the windows with my key fob again. VCDS is surprisingly user-friendly.”

These stories illustrate how VCDS can be a valuable tool for resolving a variety of window-related issues, whether you’re a professional mechanic or a DIY enthusiast.

15. Tips for New VCDS Users: Mastering the Basics

If you’re new to VCDS, here are some essential tips to help you master the basics:

  • Start with the Manual: Read the VCDS manual thoroughly to understand the software’s features and functions.
  • Practice on a Test Vehicle: If possible, practice using VCDS on a test vehicle before working on a customer’s car. This will give you a chance to familiarize yourself with the software without the risk of causing any damage.
  • Follow the Instructions Carefully: When performing diagnostic tests or making coding changes, follow the instructions in the VCDS manual or online resources carefully.
  • Back Up Your Data: Always back up your vehicle’s coding and adaptation data before making any changes. This will allow you to revert to the original settings if something goes wrong.
  • Use the Ross-Tech Wiki: The Ross-Tech Wiki is a valuable resource for VCDS users, providing detailed information on vehicle systems, fault codes, and coding procedures.
  • Join Online Forums: Join online forums and communities dedicated to VCDS users. These forums can provide a wealth of information and support, and you can learn from the experiences of other users.
  • Take a Training Course: Consider taking a training course on VCDS. This can provide you with a solid foundation in using the software and help you avoid common mistakes.
  • Start Simple: Begin with basic diagnostic tests and coding changes before attempting more complex procedures.
  • Be Patient: Learning to use VCDS effectively takes time and practice. Be patient and persistent, and you’ll eventually master the software.

By following these tips, you can quickly master the basics of VCDS and start using it to diagnose and repair vehicles effectively.

Have questions about the VCDS window roll down feature or need assistance selecting the right diagnostic tools? Contact CARDIAGTECH.NET today for expert advice and support. Our team is ready to help you enhance your automotive repair capabilities.

Contact Information:

  • Address: 276 Reock St, City of Orange, NJ 07050, United States
  • WhatsApp: +1 (641) 206-8880
  • Website: CARDIAGTECH.NET

FAQ: VCDS Window Roll Down

Here are some frequently asked questions about the VCDS window roll down feature:

  1. What is VCDS window roll down?
    The VCDS window roll down feature allows you to control your car windows using the key fob or central locking system, providing convenience and security.
  2. How do I enable the VCDS window roll down feature?
    You can enable the VCDS window roll down feature using the VCDS software to code the central control module.
  3. What are the benefits of using VCDS window roll down?
    The benefits include convenience (airing out a hot car) and enhanced security (closing all windows simultaneously).
  4. What are common issues with VCDS window roll down?
    Common issues include windows not rolling down/up, intermittent operation, and pinch protection problems.
  5. How can I diagnose VCDS window roll down issues?
    You can diagnose issues using VCDS to scan for fault codes in the door module and perform output tests.
  6. Can I recalibrate window settings with VCDS?
    Yes, you can recalibrate window settings with VCDS by accessing the adaptation channels in the door module.
  7. How can I optimize VCDS window roll down for security?
    You can optimize security by enabling global window closure and customizing key fob commands.
  8. What are the advanced functions of VCDS for window control?
    Advanced functions include adaptation channels, coding options, output tests, and measuring blocks.
  9. What should I do if I encounter coding errors with VCDS?
    Always double-check coding values, back up original coding, and ensure compatibility with your vehicle.
  10. Where can I purchase VCDS diagnostic tools?
    You can purchase VCDS diagnostic tools from reputable suppliers like CARDIAGTECH.NET, which offers a wide selection of high-quality tools and expert support.

By understanding these frequently asked questions, you can better troubleshoot and optimize your VCDS window roll down feature.

Comments

No comments yet. Why don’t you start the discussion?

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *