Best Bluetooth OBDII Android Software for Car Diagnostics

Bluetooth Obdii Android Software is a game-changer for automotive diagnostics. It empowers vehicle owners and technicians with real-time insights into their car’s performance, access to vital sensor data, and the ability to troubleshoot issues efficiently. CARDIAGTECH.NET offers top-tier solutions in this realm, ensuring you have the right tools for accurate and effective vehicle maintenance. Using a Bluetooth OBD2 scanner with compatible Android software streamlines the diagnostic process, saving time and money. Dive into the world of enhanced vehicle diagnostics, where advanced technology meets user-friendly interfaces, and experience the benefits of data-driven car care.

1. Understanding Bluetooth OBDII Android Software

1.1 What is OBDII?

OBDII, or On-Board Diagnostics II, is a standardized system used in most vehicles manufactured after 1996. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), OBDII systems monitor the performance of key engine components, including emissions-related parts. This standardization allows for consistent diagnostics across different makes and models. The system uses a standardized connector, typically located under the dashboard, to provide access to the vehicle’s computer.

1.2 How Does Bluetooth OBDII Work?

Bluetooth OBDII Android software works by connecting to your car’s OBDII port via a Bluetooth adapter. This adapter translates the data from your car’s computer into a format that your Android device can understand. Here’s how the process typically unfolds:

  1. Plug-in the Adapter: Insert the Bluetooth OBDII adapter into your car’s OBDII port.
  2. Pair with Android Device: Enable Bluetooth on your Android device and pair it with the OBDII adapter.
  3. Launch the Software: Open the Bluetooth OBDII Android software on your device.
  4. Read and Interpret Data: The software reads the data transmitted from the adapter and displays it in an understandable format, such as gauges, charts, and diagnostic trouble codes (DTCs).

1.3 Key Features to Look For

When selecting Bluetooth OBDII Android software, several key features can significantly enhance your diagnostic experience:

  • Real-time Data: Display of live sensor data, including engine speed (RPM), coolant temperature, and oxygen sensor readings.
  • Diagnostic Trouble Codes (DTCs): Ability to read, interpret, and clear DTCs.
  • Customizable Dashboards: Option to create personalized dashboards with gauges and charts of your choice.
  • Extended PID Support: Capability to access manufacturer-specific parameters (PIDs) for deeper diagnostics.
  • Data Logging: Functionality to record and analyze data over time.
  • Freeze Frame Data: Access to sensor data captured at the moment a DTC was triggered.
  • Emission Readiness Tests: Checks to ensure your car is ready for emissions testing.

1.4 The Advantages of Using Bluetooth OBDII

Employing Bluetooth OBDII Android software offers a multitude of benefits, transforming how vehicle owners and technicians approach car diagnostics and maintenance:

Benefit Description
Cost Savings By diagnosing and addressing minor issues early, you can prevent them from escalating into major, expensive repairs.
Convenience Perform diagnostics from the comfort of your garage or driveway, eliminating the need for frequent trips to a mechanic.
Real-Time Monitoring Keep a constant eye on your vehicle’s health, receiving instant alerts for any emerging issues, ensuring timely maintenance and preventing potential breakdowns.
Informed Decisions Gain a deeper understanding of your vehicle’s performance, empowering you to make informed decisions about repairs, maintenance, and upgrades, ensuring optimal vehicle health and longevity.
User-Friendly Interface Modern software offers intuitive and easy-to-navigate interfaces, making complex diagnostic data accessible and understandable for both novice users and experienced technicians, enhancing the overall user experience and efficiency.
Portability The combination of a compact Bluetooth adapter and your Android device provides a portable diagnostic solution, allowing you to perform checks anywhere, anytime, ensuring you’re always prepared to address any vehicle issues on the go.
Customization Tailor the software to your specific needs by customizing dashboards, selecting preferred data displays, and setting up personalized alerts, ensuring the tool works exactly the way you want for optimal diagnostic performance.
Comprehensive Diagnostics Access a wide array of diagnostic data, including real-time sensor readings, diagnostic trouble codes (DTCs), and freeze frame data, providing a complete overview of your vehicle’s condition and enabling precise and effective troubleshooting.
Preventative Maintenance By regularly monitoring your vehicle’s performance data, you can identify potential problems before they become critical, allowing you to perform preventative maintenance and avoid costly repairs, extending the life of your vehicle and ensuring its reliability.

2. Top Bluetooth OBDII Android Software Options

2.1 Car Scanner ELM OBD2

Car Scanner ELM OBD2 is a popular choice among Android users. It offers a wide range of features, including custom dashboards, extended PID support, and DTC fault code reading and resetting. This software supports a variety of connection profiles for different car manufacturers, such as Toyota, Mitsubishi, and BMW. It also boasts a HUD mode for projecting data onto your windshield.

2.2 Torque Pro (OBD2 & Car)

Torque Pro is another highly-rated Bluetooth OBDII Android app. Known for its customizable interface and extensive plugin support, it allows users to monitor a wide array of vehicle parameters. The app can display and reset DTCs, record video with on-screen data overlay, and even send data to the web or email for further analysis. Torque Pro provides real-time data, including horsepower, torque, and acceleration.

2.3 OBD Auto Doctor

OBD Auto Doctor is a comprehensive tool for diagnosing car problems. It reads and resets diagnostic trouble codes, shows sensor data in real-time, and monitors emission readiness. The software supports multiple ECUs and advanced diagnostic functions, such as mode 6 data. OBD Auto Doctor is compatible with a wide range of vehicles and OBDII adapters, making it a versatile option for both personal and professional use.

2.4 DashCommand

DashCommand turns your Android device into an advanced display for engine data. It offers customizable dashboards, real-time gauges, and the ability to read and clear DTCs. One notable feature is its performance tracking, which includes acceleration, braking, and cornering tests. DashCommand also supports vehicle health monitoring, providing alerts for potential issues before they become critical.

2.5 BimmerCode

Specifically designed for BMW and Mini vehicles, BimmerCode allows users to customize various settings in their cars. It supports coding control units, reading fault codes, and monitoring real-time data. With BimmerCode, you can change settings such as daytime running lights, digital speedometer, and video playback in motion. This software is ideal for BMW enthusiasts looking to personalize their vehicles.

2.6 JScan

JScan is tailored for Jeep, Chrysler, Dodge, and Ram vehicles, offering advanced diagnostic and customization options. It supports reading and clearing DTCs, accessing live data, and performing various service functions. JScan also allows users to modify vehicle settings, such as tire size, gear ratio, and TPMS thresholds. This app is a must-have for owners of FCA vehicles seeking deeper control and diagnostics.

2.7 FORScan

FORScan is specifically designed for Ford, Lincoln, and Mercury vehicles, providing in-depth diagnostics and service functions. It supports reading and clearing DTCs, accessing live data, and performing module configuration. FORScan stands out with its ability to perform functions like PATS programming, injector coding, and DPF regeneration. This software is an essential tool for Ford owners and technicians.

2.8 Carista OBD2

Carista OBD2 is known for its user-friendly interface and customization options for a variety of car brands, including Volkswagen, Audi, BMW, and Toyota. It supports basic OBDII diagnostics, advanced diagnostics, and vehicle customization. With Carista, you can perform service resets, code vehicle settings, and monitor live data. The app’s ease of use makes it a great choice for both beginners and experienced users.

2.9 Dr. Prius / Dr. Hybrid

Specifically designed for Toyota and Lexus hybrid vehicles, Dr. Prius / Dr. Hybrid offers comprehensive diagnostics for hybrid battery health. It provides real-time monitoring of battery voltage, temperature, and state of charge. The app also supports running battery health tests, reading and clearing DTCs, and resetting hybrid system codes. Dr. Prius / Dr. Hybrid is an invaluable tool for hybrid car owners.

3. Choosing the Right Bluetooth OBDII Adapter

3.1 Key Considerations When Selecting an Adapter

Selecting the right Bluetooth OBDII adapter is crucial for seamless connectivity and accurate data transmission. Here are some essential factors to consider:

  • Compatibility: Ensure the adapter is compatible with your vehicle’s make and model.
  • Bluetooth Version: Opt for an adapter with Bluetooth 4.0 (Bluetooth LE) for a stable and efficient connection.
  • Software Support: Verify that the adapter is compatible with the OBDII software you intend to use.
  • Build Quality: Choose a well-built adapter from a reputable brand to ensure durability and reliability.
  • User Reviews: Read user reviews to gauge the adapter’s performance and identify any potential issues.

3.2 Recommended Adapter Brands

Several brands are known for producing reliable and high-performance Bluetooth OBDII adapters. Here are some recommended options:

  • Kiwi 3: Known for its fast connection speed and compatibility with a wide range of vehicles.
  • Viecar: Offers a balance of affordability and performance, suitable for everyday use.
  • V-Gate: Provides stable Bluetooth connectivity and support for various OBDII protocols.
  • Carista: Designed to work seamlessly with the Carista OBD2 app, offering advanced customization options.
  • LELink: A popular choice for its reliable performance and compatibility with various OBDII software.
  • Veepeak: Offers a range of adapters with different features, catering to various user needs.

3.3 Avoiding Problematic Adapters

It’s essential to be aware of adapters that may cause issues. Cheap Chinese clones, often marked as version 2.1, are known to have bugs and connectivity problems. These adapters can lead to unstable engine performance, lost connections, and increased lag when reading data. To avoid these issues, it’s best to stick with genuine ELM327 adapters or recommended brands.

4. Step-by-Step Guide to Using Bluetooth OBDII Software on Android

4.1 Initial Setup and Pairing

Follow these steps to set up and pair your Bluetooth OBDII adapter with your Android device:

  1. Install the Software: Download and install your chosen Bluetooth OBDII Android software from the Google Play Store.
  2. Plug in the Adapter: Insert the Bluetooth OBDII adapter into your car’s OBDII port, typically located under the dashboard.
  3. Turn on Ignition: Turn your car’s ignition to the “On” position without starting the engine.
  4. Enable Bluetooth: On your Android device, go to Settings and enable Bluetooth.
  5. Pair the Adapter: Search for available Bluetooth devices and select your OBDII adapter from the list. You may need to enter a pairing code (usually “1234” or “0000”).
  6. Launch the Software: Open the OBDII software on your Android device.
  7. Connect to Adapter: Within the software, go to settings or preferences and select your Bluetooth adapter. The software should connect to the adapter automatically.

4.2 Reading and Interpreting Diagnostic Trouble Codes (DTCs)

Once connected, you can start reading and interpreting DTCs. Here’s how:

  1. Access DTCs: In the software, navigate to the section for reading diagnostic trouble codes. This is often labeled as “Fault Codes,” “DTCs,” or similar.
  2. Read Codes: The software will scan your car’s computer and display any stored DTCs. Each code will be listed along with a brief description.
  3. Interpret Codes: Use the software’s built-in database or online resources to find detailed information about each DTC. This will help you understand the potential issue and its severity.
  4. Clear Codes (Optional): If you’ve addressed the underlying issue, you can clear the DTCs using the software. Be cautious when clearing codes, as it can erase valuable diagnostic information.

4.3 Monitoring Real-Time Data

Monitoring real-time data is a key feature of Bluetooth OBDII software. Here’s how to use it:

  1. Access Real-Time Data: In the software, navigate to the section for real-time data or live data.
  2. Select Parameters: Choose the parameters you want to monitor, such as engine speed (RPM), coolant temperature, and oxygen sensor readings.
  3. View Data: The software will display the selected parameters in real-time, often using gauges, charts, or numerical values.
  4. Analyze Data: Monitor the data to identify any anomalies or trends that may indicate a problem. For example, a sudden increase in coolant temperature could indicate an overheating issue.

4.4 Customizing Dashboards

Customizing dashboards allows you to focus on the data that’s most important to you. Here’s how to do it:

  1. Access Dashboard Settings: In the software, find the settings or options for customizing the dashboard.
  2. Add Gauges/Charts: Add gauges, charts, or other display elements to the dashboard.
  3. Select Parameters: Choose the parameters you want to display on each gauge or chart.
  4. Arrange Elements: Arrange the elements on the dashboard to create a layout that suits your preferences.
  5. Save Configuration: Save your customized dashboard configuration for future use.

4.5 Data Logging and Analysis

Data logging allows you to record and analyze data over time. Here’s how to use it:

  1. Start Data Logging: In the software, find the option to start data logging.
  2. Configure Logging Settings: Configure the logging settings, such as the parameters to log, the logging interval, and the duration of the logging session.
  3. Start Recording: Start the logging session and drive your car as usual.
  4. Stop Logging: Stop the logging session when you’ve collected enough data.
  5. Analyze Data: Use the software’s analysis tools or export the data to a spreadsheet program for further analysis. Look for trends, patterns, or anomalies that may indicate a problem.

5. Advanced Features and Functions

5.1 Accessing Extended PIDs

Extended PIDs (Parameter IDs) are manufacturer-specific parameters that provide deeper insights into your vehicle’s performance. Accessing these PIDs can be more complex but offers valuable information. Here’s how:

  1. Check Software Compatibility: Ensure your OBDII software supports extended PIDs for your specific make and model.
  2. Enter PID Manually: Some software requires you to manually enter the PID codes. Consult your vehicle’s service manual or online resources to find the correct codes.
  3. Use Predefined Lists: Some software includes predefined lists of extended PIDs for common vehicles. Select your vehicle from the list to automatically load the PIDs.
  4. Monitor Data: Once the extended PIDs are configured, monitor the data as you would with standard OBDII parameters.

5.2 Performing Emission Readiness Tests

Emission readiness tests check whether your car is ready for emissions testing. Here’s how to perform these tests:

  1. Access Emission Tests: In the software, navigate to the section for emission readiness tests or I/M readiness.
  2. Run Tests: The software will run a series of tests to check the status of various emission-related systems, such as the oxygen sensors, catalytic converter, and EGR system.
  3. View Results: The software will display the results of each test, indicating whether the system has passed, failed, or is incomplete.
  4. Address Failures: If any tests fail, address the underlying issues before taking your car for an emissions test.

5.3 Using Freeze Frame Data

Freeze frame data captures the sensor data at the moment a DTC was triggered. This information can be invaluable for diagnosing intermittent issues. Here’s how to use it:

  1. Access Freeze Frame Data: When a DTC is displayed, the software may offer an option to view freeze frame data.
  2. View Data: The freeze frame data will show the values of various sensors at the time the DTC was triggered.
  3. Analyze Data: Analyze the freeze frame data to identify any unusual readings or conditions that may have contributed to the DTC.

5.4 Mode 6 Data

Mode 6 data provides access to ECU self-monitoring test results, offering a more detailed view of your vehicle’s systems. Here’s how to access and interpret Mode 6 data:

  1. Access Mode 6: Look for the Mode 6 or On-Board Monitoring section in your OBDII software.
  2. View Test Results: The software will display a list of tests and their results, including minimum and maximum values, and current readings.
  3. Interpret Results: Compare the results to the specified ranges to identify any systems operating outside of normal parameters. This can help pinpoint potential issues before they trigger a DTC.
  4. Consult Resources: Use online resources or your vehicle’s service manual to understand the specific tests and their implications for your vehicle’s health.

6. Troubleshooting Common Issues

6.1 Connectivity Problems

Connectivity issues are common when using Bluetooth OBDII adapters. Here are some troubleshooting steps:

  • Verify Bluetooth: Ensure Bluetooth is enabled on your Android device and that the adapter is paired correctly.
  • Check Adapter Power: Make sure the adapter is receiving power from the OBDII port.
  • Restart Devices: Restart your Android device and unplug and re-plug the OBDII adapter.
  • Update Software: Ensure you’re using the latest version of the OBDII software.
  • Check Adapter Compatibility: Verify that the adapter is compatible with your vehicle and the software.

6.2 Inaccurate Data Readings

Inaccurate data readings can be misleading and frustrating. Here’s how to address this issue:

  • Verify Adapter Quality: Ensure you’re using a high-quality adapter from a reputable brand.
  • Check Sensor Calibration: Some software allows you to calibrate sensors. Check if this is an option and calibrate the sensors as needed.
  • Compare with Known Values: Compare the data readings with known good values for your vehicle.
  • Check for Interference: Bluetooth signals can be affected by interference. Try moving your Android device closer to the adapter.

6.3 Software Crashes

Software crashes can disrupt your diagnostic process. Here’s how to minimize crashes:

  • Update Software: Ensure you’re using the latest version of the OBDII software.
  • Close Background Apps: Close any unnecessary apps running in the background on your Android device.
  • Clear Cache: Clear the cache and data for the OBDII software in your Android device’s settings.
  • Reinstall Software: If the problem persists, try uninstalling and reinstalling the software.

6.4 Adapter Not Recognized

If your Android device is not recognizing the Bluetooth OBDII adapter, follow these steps to troubleshoot the issue:

  1. Verify Adapter Power: Ensure the adapter is properly plugged into the OBDII port and is receiving power. The adapter should have an indicator light confirming it’s powered on.
  2. Check Bluetooth Visibility: Some adapters require you to press a button or follow a specific procedure to make them discoverable via Bluetooth. Refer to the adapter’s manual for instructions.
  3. Forget and Re-Pair: In your Android device’s Bluetooth settings, forget the adapter (if it was previously paired) and then re-pair it. This can resolve connection glitches.
  4. Test on Another Device: If possible, try connecting the adapter to another Android device or smartphone to see if the issue is with the adapter or your primary device.
  5. Adapter Firmware: Check if there are any firmware updates available for your Bluetooth OBDII adapter. Updating the firmware can resolve compatibility issues.

6.5 Slow Data Transfer Speeds

Slow data transfer speeds can be frustrating when trying to monitor real-time data. Here’s how to improve the data transfer rate:

  1. Bluetooth Version: Ensure both your Android device and the OBDII adapter support Bluetooth 4.0 (Bluetooth LE) or higher for faster and more efficient data transfer.
  2. Adapter Quality: Cheap or low-quality adapters often have slower processors and less efficient Bluetooth modules, leading to slower data transfer speeds. Invest in a reputable brand.
  3. Reduce Interference: Bluetooth signals can be affected by interference from other electronic devices. Move away from potential sources of interference or try using the adapter in a different location.
  4. Limit Parameters: Monitoring too many parameters simultaneously can slow down the data transfer rate. Select only the essential parameters you need to monitor.
  5. Firmware Updates: Ensure your Bluetooth OBDII adapter has the latest firmware installed. Firmware updates can improve performance and data transfer speeds.

7. Maintaining Vehicle Health with Regular Diagnostics

7.1 The Importance of Regular Checks

Regular diagnostic checks are essential for maintaining your vehicle’s health. By routinely monitoring your car’s performance, you can identify potential issues early and prevent them from escalating into major problems. According to a study by the National Institute for Automotive Service Excellence (ASE), regular maintenance can extend the life of your vehicle and improve its fuel efficiency.

7.2 Identifying Potential Problems Early

Early detection of potential problems can save you time and money. Bluetooth OBDII Android software allows you to monitor key parameters, such as engine temperature, oil pressure, and battery voltage, helping you identify issues before they cause significant damage. For example, detecting a slight increase in engine temperature early on can prevent an overheating situation.

7.3 Extending Vehicle Lifespan

Regular diagnostics and maintenance can significantly extend the lifespan of your vehicle. By addressing minor issues promptly, you can prevent them from causing more extensive damage to your engine and other critical components. Proper maintenance also improves your car’s resale value.

7.4 Enhancing Fuel Efficiency

Maintaining your vehicle’s health through regular diagnostics can also enhance its fuel efficiency. Issues such as a faulty oxygen sensor or a clogged air filter can reduce your car’s fuel economy. By identifying and addressing these issues, you can improve your gas mileage and save money on fuel costs.

7.5 Ensuring Safe Driving Conditions

Regular diagnostic checks also help ensure safe driving conditions. By monitoring the performance of critical systems, such as brakes, steering, and suspension, you can identify potential safety hazards and address them before they lead to accidents.

8. Legal and Ethical Considerations

8.1 Data Privacy

When using Bluetooth OBDII Android software, it’s important to be aware of data privacy considerations. The software collects data about your car’s performance, which may include sensitive information. Ensure that the software you use has a clear privacy policy and that your data is protected.

8.2 Warranty Implications

Modifying your car’s settings or clearing DTCs without addressing the underlying issues can have warranty implications. Be cautious when using OBDII software to make changes to your vehicle, and consult your car’s warranty documentation before making any modifications.

8.3 Compliance with Regulations

Ensure that your use of Bluetooth OBDII Android software complies with all applicable regulations. Some regions may have restrictions on the use of diagnostic tools or modifications to vehicle systems. Be aware of these regulations and ensure that you comply with them.

8.4 Responsible Use

Use Bluetooth OBDII Android software responsibly. Avoid using the software while driving, and always prioritize safety. Do not attempt to diagnose or repair issues that you are not qualified to handle. Seek professional assistance when needed.

9. Future Trends in Bluetooth OBDII Technology

9.1 Integration with AI and Machine Learning

Future Bluetooth OBDII technology is likely to see increased integration with artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning. AI-powered diagnostic tools can analyze data in real-time, predict potential issues, and provide more accurate recommendations for repairs.

9.2 Enhanced Data Analytics

Enhanced data analytics will provide more detailed insights into vehicle performance. Future OBDII software will be able to track trends, identify patterns, and provide personalized recommendations for maintenance and optimization.

9.3 Improved Connectivity

Improved connectivity options, such as 5G and Wi-Fi 6, will enable faster and more reliable data transmission. This will allow for real-time monitoring and remote diagnostics.

9.4 Expansion of Supported Vehicles

Future Bluetooth OBDII software is likely to support a wider range of vehicles, including electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid vehicles. This will provide comprehensive diagnostic capabilities for all types of cars.

9.5 Over-the-Air Updates

Over-the-air (OTA) updates will become more common, allowing for seamless updates to the software and firmware of OBDII adapters. This will ensure that users always have access to the latest features and improvements.

10. Call to Action: Get Your Diagnostic Tool Today

Ready to take control of your vehicle’s health? Don’t wait for minor issues to become major headaches. At CARDIAGTECH.NET, we offer a wide range of high-quality Bluetooth OBDII adapters and Android software solutions to meet your diagnostic needs. Whether you’re a seasoned technician or a car enthusiast, we have the perfect tool for you.

Contact us today via Whatsapp at +1 (641) 206-8880 or visit our website at CARDIAGTECH.NET to explore our selection and get expert advice. Our address is 276 Reock St, City of Orange, NJ 07050, United States.

Don’t let vehicle problems catch you off guard. Invest in a Bluetooth OBDII diagnostic tool from CARDIAGTECH.NET and stay one step ahead.

FAQ Section

1. What is Bluetooth OBDII Android software?

Bluetooth OBDII Android software is an application that connects to your car’s OBDII system via a Bluetooth adapter, allowing you to read diagnostic trouble codes, monitor real-time data, and perform various diagnostic functions on your Android device.

2. Is Bluetooth OBDII safe for my car?

Yes, when used correctly. Ensure you use a reputable adapter and software. Avoid making changes to your car’s settings unless you are familiar with the process and understand the potential consequences.

3. Can Bluetooth OBDII Android software diagnose all car problems?

While it can diagnose many common issues, it may not catch every problem. Complex mechanical or electrical issues might require more specialized diagnostic tools and expertise.

4. How do I choose the right Bluetooth OBDII adapter?

Consider compatibility with your car, Bluetooth version, software support, build quality, and user reviews. Recommended brands include Kiwi 3, Viecar, V-Gate, Carista, LELink, and Veepeak.

5. What are some good Bluetooth OBDII Android software options?

Popular choices include Car Scanner ELM OBD2, Torque Pro, OBD Auto Doctor, DashCommand, BimmerCode (for BMW), JScan (for FCA vehicles), FORScan (for Ford), Carista OBD2, and Dr. Prius / Dr. Hybrid (for Toyota hybrids).

6. How often should I perform diagnostic checks on my car?

Ideally, you should perform a diagnostic check at least once a month or whenever you notice unusual symptoms, such as a warning light or performance issue.

7. Can Bluetooth OBDII software clear diagnostic trouble codes?

Yes, most software allows you to clear DTCs, but it’s important to address the underlying issue before clearing the codes to prevent them from reappearing.

8. What is freeze frame data, and why is it important?

Freeze frame data captures sensor data at the moment a DTC was triggered, providing valuable information for diagnosing intermittent issues.

9. What are extended PIDs, and how do I access them?

Extended PIDs are manufacturer-specific parameters that provide deeper insights into your vehicle’s performance. Accessing them may require manual configuration or predefined lists within the software.

10. Where can I get reliable Bluetooth OBDII adapters and software?

You can find reliable adapters and software at CARDIAGTECH.NET. Contact us via Whatsapp at +1 (641) 206-8880 or visit our website at CARDIAGTECH.NET for more information. Our address is 276 Reock St, City of Orange, NJ 07050, United States.

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